Import systems in “<i>Latescibacteria</i>” predicted from the SAGs.

<p>Extracellular degradation of polymers, as detailed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127499#pone.0127499.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>, results in the production of monomers that could potentially be transported across the outer membrane (OM) of “<i>Latescibacteria</i>” cell wall through non-specific outer membrane porins (OMP). In the periplasm, those monomers are then transported across the inner membrane (IM) via dedicated transporters including (1) Secondary transporters: glucosamine (GluA), galactosamine (GalA), and 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-glucosamine (5-dehydro-4-deoxy-GluA) are potentially imported using a single common transporter ExuT. Fucose (Fuc), rhamnose (Rha), and xylose (Xyl) are imported via dedicated proton symporters, while glucose (Glu), and galactose (Gal) are imported via dedicated sodium symporters. (2) ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters: ribose (Rib) and arabinose (Ara) sugars, as well as oligopeptides and dipeptides have dedicated ABC transporters with specific periplasmic substrate binding protein (SBP), two membrane permeases (P), and an ATPase. And (3) Phosphotransferase system (PTS) transporters: mannose (Man), fructose (Fru), galactosamine (GalN), and N-acetyl galactosamine (N-Ac-GalN) are imported via dedicated PTS transporters with cytoplasmic enzyme-I component (E-I) and membrane associated enzyme II components (IIA, IIB, and IIC). Sugars are phosphorylated during this kind of transport. The SAGs also encode a dedicated signal transduction system, and a tripartite ATP-independnent transporter (TRAP) for sensing, and importing, respectively, dicarboxylates, e.g. malate, and tricarboxylates, e.g. citrate, across the inner membrane. The signal transduction system is composed of the sensor histidine kinase DctB, and the cytoplasmic response regulator DctD, while the TRAP transporter is composed of the periplasmic solute receptor (DctP), the membrane small permease component (DctQ), and the membrane large permease component (DctM). TonB-dependent import of vitamin B12 and iron complexes is also predicted from the SAGs. Several proteins with Plug domains could potentially act as the outer membrane receptor protein for vitamin B12 and iron complexes. Binding of the ligand to the receptor activates TonB-dependent import across the outer membrane via three proteins TonB, ExbB, and ExbD, that couple proton motive force to ligand transport across the outer membrane. In the periplasm, vitamin B12 or iron complexes are then transported across the inner membrane via a dedicated ABC transporter.